WEBVTT

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- Let's talk about your genes.

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Your body is made up
of trillions of cells.

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Each cell contains DNA.

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Organised neatly along
all these spirals

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are thousands of shorter
sections of DNA called genes.

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The mixture of genes passed down
to you from your mum and dad

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decides what you look like,
and can even influence

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how your brain and body work.

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So maybe maths is your thing,
or you can run really fast.

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Genes can also
decide whether you're

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born healthy or with a disease.

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Scientists have now found a
way of changing a human being's

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genes before they're even born.

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This is called genome editing,
or genetic modification.

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- I'm Dr. Norah Fogarty,
and I'm a scientist

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at the Francis Crick
Institute, which

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is the largest biomedical
research institute in Europe.

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Currently in the UK,
we're the only lab

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who has a licence to use genome
editing in human embryos.

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We are using genome
editing as a tool

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to look at how different genes
work in the human embryo,

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in the first week
of development.

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- An embryo develops
from a fertilised egg,

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and will go on to form a baby.

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The embryos used
in this research

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are just a few days
old, and made up

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of a tiny cluster of cells.

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- The embryos that we
use in our research

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are donated to us from
couples who've undergone IVF,

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and they have embryos
that are left over.

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They don't need to
use them anymore.

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Currently, it's
illegal in the UK

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to put any embryo that has been
genome edited back into a woman

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to establish a pregnancy,
so they're only

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allowed to be used in research.

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- Scientists have created a
way to make careful changes

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to genes that can
affect how they work,

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by removing and even
replacing bits of DNA.

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Norah and her team
are using this method

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to learn more about the earliest
stages of a human embryo's

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development.

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But one day, it could
have other uses too.

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- It's also hoped
that in the future,

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genome editing may
be used to eradicate

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really serious diseases.

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But some people
also have concerns

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that genome editing may be used
to make what the media have

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called "designer babies".

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So these would be babies that
have been created to have

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certain features, such
as specific hair colour,

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or eye colour.

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But currently, it's illegal
to do anything like that.

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- How could this
technology change

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the future of the human race?

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It's time to ask questions,
and think about what we

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want our future to look like.

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- I'm Ella.

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I'm 18 years old, and
I have cystic fibrosis.

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The cystic fibrosis is where my
lungs is clogged up with mucus.

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And my digestive system can't
break down all the food.

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It makes it hard
for me to breathe.

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Every day I have to take
loads of different medications

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and different tablets.

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The average life
expectancy is about 40,

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maybe 45, something
along those lines.

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My mum's been there to help
me start my life with CF,

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and get me into my physio.

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- My dad had lost a lung,
and he used to swim a lot.

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And I just thought, well if Dad
can do it with only one lung--

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- When I'm swimming,
it feels like I'm free.

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Although I'm there swimming
for my physio, and for my CF,

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I'm there because I love it, and
I'm there because I enjoy it.

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- In the future, parents could
choose to genetically modify

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their children
before they're born

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to prevent diseases
caused by faulty genes

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like cystic fibrosis.

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- I always wish that my
parents had the choice,

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because although CF
has made me who I am,

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it would still be nice
to be able to like,

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just think of a normal life.

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Although I look really
healthy, it is really hard

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to go, like, every day.

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- If you were to ask any
mother, or any father,

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of a child who lives with a
terminal condition, 97% of them

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say, yes, go for it.

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It is a good thing.

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If you were to ask a member
of the public who hadn't had

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that in their lives,
maybe a 40%, 50% split.

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They've not had to live
with somebody not knowing

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whether they're going to
be alive the next morning

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when you go into their bedroom.

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- At the end of
the day, I wouldn't

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want to wish CF on anyone.

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- But how do we decide
if someone should

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be genetically modified or not?

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- So that's my first camera.

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Think I'm going to change that.

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Just to show you my
biggest lens ever.

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So that, is my monster.

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When I got it, I thought, yes!

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I wanted a big lens like this.

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So my pictures at the moment
are birds, water, trees.

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That's one of my favourites.

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- The midwife who was delivering
him thought everything was

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fine, there wasn't a problem.

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And it wasn't until the next day
on the ward somebody announced

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that they felt 95% certain that
my baby had Down's Syndrome.

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And I was absolutely devastated.

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And I envisioned an
unhappy life, and a life

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with a child that
would never be happy.

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And very soon, this
blossoming, gorgeous,

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blue-eyed blond haired,
just gorgeous boy!

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He really brought something
tangibly valuable to our lives.

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And he helped me look
at things differently.

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He takes in, and notices, and
brings to people's attention

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beauty that we are not noticing.

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And I think photography
became something

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which enabled him to show
the world what he sees,

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and how he sees it.

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The fear about
genetic modification

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is that once you start to decide
that it's OK to alter people,

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to make them in the way that
a perceived few decide would

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be better, you're heading
down a dangerous road.

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If somebody came along with
a magic wand and said to me,

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"I could take Oliver's
Down's Syndrome away",

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I would honestly, hand on
heart, say, "Good heavens no!

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Why would I want that?"

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Because if you took Oliver's
Down's Syndrome away,

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he would be a completely
different person.

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He has brought more colour
to my life, and our lives,

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than we could possibly
have imagined.

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- Some scientists
are already thinking

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about new ways of preventing
Down's Syndrome from developing

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in embryos.

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Others have begun thinking
about preventing autism.

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- I've heard it said
before that messing around

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with science, and particularly
with embryos and the beginnings

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of life, is "playing God".

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I don't think we will
ever be able to be God.

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But I think God has
given scientists

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the brain, and the ability,
to dream a dream of a world

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where diseases are eradicated.

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Within Christian
belief, there would

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be a spectrum of understanding,
and a spectrum of belief

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about when life begins.

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Some Christians would say that
that moment of conception, that

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is a life.

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And actually, if you start
messing around with that,

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you're actually murdering,
as strongly as that,

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that you are murdering a life.

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For me, although life
has begun, that life

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can't actually become
anything until it is embedded

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in the womb of a woman.

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So the two things
have to go together.

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DNA is our-- it's like
our instruction book,

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it's like the thing that
makes us who we are.

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So if we're dealing with that
initial contact, that very,

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very early stages, we
need to still treat it

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with such care and respect,
because of all the potential

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that is contained within it.

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But contained
within that is also

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the potential to make
life a lot better

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for so many other people.

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- This is Dr. David King.

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He was a genetic scientist,
but now his mission

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is to warn people
about the dangers

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of human genetic modification.

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- There's all kinds of
possibilities that scientists

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are interested in, for how
they, so-called, improve people.

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There's been a lot of
interest on improving

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people's intelligence.

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There's interest in genes that
make people more athletic,

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people could be taller
or more beautiful.

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One thing, I think
that's very possible,

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is of course that that will
be an expensive technology.

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Wealthy people will be more
able to afford that technology.

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So you get very quickly
into a two-tier society,

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in which, for example, if
you're part of that elite group,

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you'll have no interest in
getting married or having

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children with somebody who
is not genetically enhanced

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like yourself.

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I first became concerned
about human genetics

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issues because of my background.

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I was brought up Jewish.

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In the first half
of the 20th century,

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the Nazis started deciding that
certain kinds of human beings

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were superior to
other human beings,

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and we should get rid of those
that are supposedly inferior.

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That's part of the
history of genetics

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that casts a long shadow over
what people are doing now.

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One can absolutely
understand a parent

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wanting to prevent their
child from suffering.

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We've already seen
how, for example,

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with pharmaceutical
drugs, and with surgery,

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you have lots of
doctors who started off

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wanting to cure disease, and
now are making lots of money

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through cosmetic surgery.

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Once you cross that crucial
ethical line of not genetically

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interfering with our children,
even for the best benevolent

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humanitarian reasons, you
will almost inevitably end up

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in that world of
designer babies,

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and some people being
judged as genetically

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inferior to other people.

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This is not some kind
of scenario made up

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by a doom-monger who
wants to scare people.

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It's so fundamental a
question, everybody in society

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needs to be thinking
about this right now.

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- Can human beings
be trusted to have

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so much power over one another?

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- In the UK, any
clinic or lab that

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wants to do any work
on human embryos

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has to apply for a licence.

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And to get this
licence, you need

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to fill out a load of paperwork
to say exactly what you want

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to use the human embryos for.

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A committee made
up of politicians,

00:11:24.330 --> 00:11:27.660 align:middle line:84%
religious leaders, lawyers, just
general people from the public,

00:11:27.660 --> 00:11:29.580 align:middle line:84%
will look at this
and see if they

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think it's an appropriate
way to use human embryos.

00:11:32.250 --> 00:11:34.800 align:middle line:84%
So in the future, it'll
be really hard for people

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to use genome editing to
do anything that they want.

00:11:37.960 --> 00:11:40.980 align:middle line:84%
And even apart from
that, as scientists,

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we aren't interested in that.

00:11:42.630 --> 00:11:44.610 align:middle line:84%
We're interested
in understanding

00:11:44.610 --> 00:11:46.860 align:middle line:84%
the first few days
of human development.

00:11:46.860 --> 00:11:50.080 align:middle line:84%
And then also, we're interested
in helping to eradicate really,

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really serious diseases.

00:11:51.660 --> 00:11:53.760 align:middle line:84%
It's only when
you talk to people

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who have had experiences
of these diseases

00:11:56.820 --> 00:12:01.410 align:middle line:84%
that you would then find it
really hard to say that it

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would not be good to use
genome editing to stop people

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having to go through
these life experiences.

00:12:07.845 --> 00:12:09.624 align:middle line:84%
- You will almost
inevitably end up

00:12:09.624 --> 00:12:11.040 align:middle line:84%
in that world of
designer babies--

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- They've not had to live
with somebody not knowing

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whether they're going to
be alive the next morning--

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- Once you start to
decide that it's OK--

00:12:18.269 --> 00:12:19.310 align:middle line:90%
- Is also the potential--

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- To change--

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- I always wish that my
parents had the choice.

00:12:22.670 --> 00:12:26.086 align:middle line:90%


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- Will genetic
modification be good,

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or bad, for the human race?

00:12:32.430 --> 00:12:34.300 align:middle line:90%
What do you think?

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